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St Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge is a Church of England church and parish within the City of London. The church, which is located in Lower Thames Street near The Monument to the Great Fire of London,〔See (The Monument )〕 is part of the Diocese of London and under the pastoral care of the Bishop of London and the Bishop of Fulham.〔(Bishop of Fulham )〕 It is a Grade I listed building. The rector uses the title "Cardinal Rector", being one of three clerics in the Church of England to use the title Cardinal.〔http://www.stmagnusmartyr.org.uk/〕 St Magnus lies on the original alignment of London Bridge between the City and Southwark. The ancient parish was united with that of St Margaret, New Fish Street, in 1670 and with that of St Michael, Crooked Lane, in 1831.〔''Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England I: Southern England'', Youngs, F.A.: London, 1979 ISBN 0-901050-67-9〕 The three united parishes retained separate vestries and churchwardens.〔For example, in 1824 St Magnus the Martyr had a Select Vestry of 32 persons, whilst St Margaret New Fish Street had a General Vestry. ''London Parishes: Containing the Situation, Antiquity, and Re-building of the Churches Within the Bills of Mortality'', Printed by Weed, B. for Jeffery, W.: London, 1824〕 Parish clerks continue to be appointed for each of the three parishes.〔''The ancient office of Parish Clerk and the Parish Clerks Company of London'', Clark, O.: London, Journal of the Ecclesiastical Law Society Vol. 8, January 2006 ISSN: 0956-618X〕 St Magnus is the guild church of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers and the Worshipful Company of Plumbers, and the ward church of the Ward of Bridge and Bridge Without. It is also twinned with the Church of the Resurrection in New York City.〔See (Church of the Resurrection )〕 Its prominent location and beauty has prompted many mentions in literature.〔"Before the erection of Adelaide House, to approach the City from Southwark was to enjoy as fine a sight as any in London. In the foreground were the ships in the Pool ... while the morning light glinted upon the glorious tower of Wren's church of St Magnus the Martyr, the Customs House and the golden flames of the Monument." 'The Times', 8 November 1927〕 In ''Oliver Twist'' Charles Dickens notes how, as Nancy heads for her secret meeting with Mr Brownlow and Rose Maylie on London Bridge, "the tower of old Saint Saviour's Church, and the spire of Saint Magnus, so long the giant-warders of the ancient bridge, were visible in the gloom". The church's spiritual and architectural importance is celebrated in the poem ''The Waste Land'' by T. S. Eliot, who adds in a footnote that "the interior of St. Magnus Martyr is to my mind one of the finest among Wren's interiors".〔Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls Of Magnus Martyr hold Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold. ''The Waste Land and other poems'', lines 263 to 265, Eliot, T.S.: Faber & Faber, London, 1940. For commentaries, see chapter 2 of ''Anglo-Catholic in Religion - T.S. Eliot and Christianity'' by Barry Spurr, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7188-3073-1 and ''Liturgical Influences of Anglo-Catholicism on The Waste Land and Other Works by T. S. Eliot'' by A. Lee Fjordbotten, 1999 at (Liturgical Influences ). Spurr notes that St Magnus "was one of the leading shrines of the Anglo-Catholic movement and it is very notable that Eliot should not only refer to it, but, in the midst of a poem of almost unrelieved negativity, present it so positively (if somewhat uncomprehendingly) in terms of the exquisite beauty of its interior: its ‘Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold’ (the liturgical colours, we should note, of Eastertide and resurrection, a concept otherwise denied repeatedly throughout The Waste Land)".〕 One biographer of Eliot notes that at first he enjoyed St Magnus aesthetically for its "splendour"; later he appreciated its "utility" when he came there as a sinner.〔''Eliot's Early Years'', Gordon, L.: Oxford, 1978 ISBN 978-0-19-281252-0〕 ==History== The church is dedicated to St Magnus the Martyr, earl of Orkney, who died on 16 April in or around 1116 (the precise year is unknown).〔''The Relics of St Magnus'' at (Orkneyjar )〕 He was executed on the island of Egilsay having been captured during a power struggle with his cousin, a political rival.〔''Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney'': Penguin Classics, new ed. 2004 ISBN 978-0-14-044383-7. The Saga relates how Magnus Erlendsson, son of Erlend Thorfinnsson, accompanied King Magnus Barelegs of Norway (grandson of Harald Hardrada) during his Irish Sea Campaign of 1098, but refused to take part in the Battle of Anglesey Sound (or Menai Strait) against the Norman Earl of Chester and Earl of Shrewsbury and sang from a psalter in the midst of the fighting. As a consequence he was obliged to go into exile until after the death of King Magnus Barelegs in 1103, but was made joint Earl of Orkney with his cousin Hakon Paulsson by King Eystein Magnusson. The Irish Sea Campaign of 1098, which established the King's direct overlordship of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles including fortifications on St. Patrick's Isle near Peel, Isle of Man (see ''The Peel Castle Dig'', Freke, D.: Douglas, 1995 ISBN 0-9525134-0-4), is also described in ''The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys'' (available at (Chronicle )) and in ''Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum'' (available at (Ágrip )).〕 Magnus had a reputation for piety and gentleness and was canonised in 1135. St. Ronald, the son of Magnus's sister Gunhild Erlendsdotter, became Earl of Orkney in 1136 and in 1137 initiated the construction of St. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall.〔A Latin hymn celebrating the saint ('Nobilis, humilis, Magne martyr') survives from soon after the construction of the cathedral; see (St Magnus Hymn ). For a detailed study of the cult see ''St Magnus of Orkney: A Scandinavian Martyr-Cult in Context'', Antonsson, H.: Brill, Leiden, 2007 ISBN 978-90-04-15580-0〕 The story of St. Magnus has been retold in the 20th century in the chamber opera ''The Martyrdom of St Magnus'' (1976)〔See (''The Martyrdom of St Magnus'' )〕 by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, based on George Mackay Brown's novel ''Magnus'' (1973). The identity of the St Magnus referred to in the church's dedication was only confirmed by the Bishop of London in 1926.〔Letter dated 11 March 1926, original filed in the Registry of the Diocese of London〕 Following this decision a patronal festival service was held on 16 April 1926.〔The circumstances of the dedication are described in ''The Times'', 15 April 1926, p. 11. An exhibition relating to the history of the church was held in the following month: ''The Times'', 31 May 1926, p. 21〕 In the 13th century the patronage was attributed to one of the several saints by the name of Magnus who share a feast day on 19 August, probably St Magnus of Anagni (bishop and martyr, who was slain in the persecution of the Emperor Decius in the middle of the 3rd century).〔St Magnus of Anagni, St Magnus of Cuneo and St Magnus of Avignon are all celebrated on 19 August. The present Anagni Cathedral was commissioned by Bishop St Peter of Salerno in 1072, who was assigned the task by St Magnus in a vision, and completed in 1104. See (Anagni Cathedral ) and (Visit to Anagni ). The only English Pope, Adrian IV, died at Anagni in 1159. The relics of St Magnus of Anagni are now in the church of St Martin of Tours, Louisville, Kentucky; see (Roman Martyrs ) and (St. Martin of Tours relics ). However, Sabine-Gould's 'Lives of the Saints' concluded that: It can hardly be doubted that S. Magnus, Bishop and Martyr, has been manufactured by the blunders of martyrologists. S. Andrew the Tribune is commemorated in ... Latin () "Magnus Martyr". In the early Latin lists, on 19 August, was accordingly inscribed "Andreas Tribunus, Magnus Martyr". This was read as if there were two Saints, Andrew the Tribune, and Magnus the Martyr.〕 However, by the early 18th century it was suggested that the church was either "dedicated to the memory of St Magnus or Magnes, who suffer'd under the Emperor Aurelian in 276 (St Mammes of Caesarea, feast day 17 August ), or else to a person of that name, who was the famous Apostle or Bishop of the Orcades."〔''Remarks on London, being an Exact Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark, and the Suburbs and Liberties'', Stow, W.: London, 1722〕 For the next century historians followed the suggestion that the church was dedicated to the Roman saint of Cæsarea.〔"At the north east corner of London bridge, stands the parish church of St. Magnus, so named from its dedication to St. Magnus, who suffered martyrdom under the emperor Aurelian, in the city of Cæsarea, for the christian religion" - ''A New History of London: Including Westminster and Southwark'', Noorthouck, J.: London, 1773. "There appears to have been several martyrs bearing the name of Magnus. The one to whom this edifice was probably dedicated, suffered at Caesarea in Cappadocea, A.D. 276." - ''The churches of London'', Vol, II, Godwin, G, and Britton, J.: London, 1838.〕 The famous Danish archaeologist Professor Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae (1821–85) promoted the attribution to St Magnus of Orkney during his visit to the British Isles in 1846-7, when he was formulating the concept of the 'Viking Age',〔''An Encyclopedia of London'', Kent, W. (ed.): London, 1937〕 and a history of London written in 1901 concluded that "the Danes, on their second invasion ... added at least two churches with Danish names, Olaf and Magnus".〔''Mediaeval London'', Benham, W. and Welch, C.: London, 1901〕 A guide to the City Churches published in 1917 reverted to the view that St Magnus was dedicated to a martyr of the third century,〔''The City Churches'', Taeor, M.E.: London, 1917〕 but the discovery of St Magnus of Orkney's relics in 1919 renewed interest in a Scandinavian patron and this connection was encouraged by the Rector who arrived in 1921.〔The Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was founded in 1912 by Canon William Perry French Morris - see (Australian Dictionary of Biography ) - and dedicated to St Magnus of Orkney, but this appears to have been due to Canon Morris's support for the notion of 'muscular Christianity' rather than to any links with churches dedicated to St Magnus.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「St Magnus-the-Martyr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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